On December 31, 2012, the Normative Instruction n° 1.312 (NI RFB 1.312/12) was published by the Brazilian Federal Revenue (RFB) to regulate the new transfer pricing rules, set out by the Law n° 12.715/2012 (Law 12.715/12), and revoking SRF Normative Instruction n° 243/2002, which previously regulated such matter.
Important changes set forth by the Law 12.715/12 and regulated by the NI RFB 1.312/12 are the following:
I) Methods applicable on Imports
The NI 1.312/12 incorporates the changes set forth in Law 12.715/02 regarding Independent Price Method (PIC), Cost Plus (CPL) and Resale Price Method (PRL), which principal modifications are summarized as follows:
o PIC (Independent Comparable Price)
As from January, 1st., 2013, the NI RFB 1.312/12 restrained the time frame for previous transactions to be used as comparables: if not possible to identify purchases or sales in the current year, taxpayers may compare only with the transactions carried out in the preceding year. In this case, the NI provides that a foreign exchange rate adjustment may apply.
The use of the taxpayer’s own transactions with third parties for purposes of the use of the PIC, will be acceptable only up to the extent the comparable transactions are equivalent to 5% of the tested transactions; to reach this percentage transactions carried out in the previous year can be considered, if necessary.
o PRL (Resale Minus Method)
The PRL should be calculated considering a specific mark-up determined for some industries, and a residual mark-up of 2o% for the industries/sectors which were not specified in the Law 12.715/12, regulated by the NI RFB 1.312/12. The specific margins per economic sector are:
· 40% : in case of pharma chemicals and pharmaceuticals products; smoke products; optical, photographic and cinematographic equipment and instruments; machines, apparatus and equipment for dental, medical and hospital use; extraction of oil and natural gas and oil by-products;
· 30% : in case of chemical products; glass and glass products; pulp, paper and paper products and metallurgy.
The methodology to calculate the former PRL-6o (previously applicable to raw materials or products that would require further processing in Brazil), which gave rise to disputes with the tax authorities at the administrative and judicial courts, should be adopted under the new PRL method, independently if the imported production are required for further production or resale.
Taxpayers are no longer required to include customs duty and other customs expenses in the tested price, nor are they required to include freight and insurance contracted with third parties, provided such third parties are not located in low tax jurisdictions or benefit from privileged tax regimes.
In case the company develops activities that would fall under more than one category of margins, each one should be applied separately. In case of one the same imported goods have different destinations, the final price to be compared will be the average weighted of those individually found.
II) New Regulations for Commodities
The definition of commodity was provided by the tax authorities. For tax purposes, commodities are products listed in Annex I of NI RFB 1.312/2012 (content shown in chart below), as well as other products traded on commodity and options exchanges listed in Annex II of that same legislation.
According to the new legislation, taxpayers must apply the Price Quotation on Exportation Method (PECEX) for exports and Price Quotation on Importation Method (“PCI”) imports, in case of import or export of commodities.
In both methods the determination of the price to be compared is obtained from the weighted average of the product price from the day of the transaction. In case of commodities not being commercialized in stock exchange, an internationally recognized research entity can be considered as an independent source.
Prices to be compared under the PCI or PECEX methods are adjusted with an average market premium amount, in the transaction date. The concept of average market premium was defined by the tax authorities, which is given as the market valuation amount, positive or negative, that should be added to the price extracted from the internationally recognized research institute listed in Appendix III (below). Variations in quality and substance of the goods should be considered.
Appendix I |
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Commodities and their respective tariff code (NCM) |
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I – Sugarcane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose in solid form (NCM 17.01.1) | XII – Iron and Steel (NCM 72) |
II – Cotton (NCM 52) | XIII – Petroleum gases and other gaseous by hydrocarbons (NCM 27.11) |
III- Aluminum and its products (NCM 76) | XIV – Manganese and its articles, including waste and scrap (NCM 8111.00) |
IV – Cocoa and cocoa preparations (NCM 18) | XV – Soybean oil and its fractions (NCM 15.07) |
V – Coffee, even roasted or decaffeinated, coffee husks and skins; coffee products containing coffee in any proportion (NCM 09.01) | XVI – Gold (including gold plated with platinum), unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms, or in powder form (NCM 71.08) |
VI – Meat and oddments , edible (NCM 02) | XVII – Petroleum (NCM 27.09 and 27.10) |
VII – Coal (NCM 27.01 to 27.04) | XVIII – Silver (including silver plated with gold or platinum), unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms, or in powder (NCM 71.06) |
VIII – Cooper and its articles (NCM 74) | XIX – Soybeans, whether or not broken (NCM 12.01) |
XI – Tin and its articles (NCM 80) | XX – Orange juice (NCM 2009.1) |
X – Soybean powder (NCM 2304.00) | XXI – Wheat and wheat mixture with rye (NCM 10.01) |
XI – Wheat flours or the mixture of wheat and rye (NCM 1101.00) |
Appendix II |
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Accepted Commodities and Options Exchange List |
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I – Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) – Chicago – USA | XII – Singapore Commodity Exchange (SICOM) – Singapore City – Singapore |
II – Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) – Chicago – USA | XIII – Hong Kong Commodity Exchange (HKE) – Hong Kong – China |
III – New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMex) – New York | XIV – Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) – Bombain – India |
IV – Commodity Exchange (COMEX) – New York – USA | XV – National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX) – Bombain – India |
V – Intercontinental Exchange (ICE US) – Atlanta – USA | XVI – Agricultural Futures Exchange of Thailand (AFET) – Bangkok – Tailand |
VI – Bolsa de Mercadorias e Futuros (BM&F) – São Paulo – Brasil | XVII – Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) – Sidney – Australia |
VII – Life NYSE Euronext (LIFFE) – Londres – UK | XVIII – JSE Safex APD (SAFEX) – Johannesburg – South Africa |
VIII – London Metal Exchange (LME) – London – UK | XIX – Korea Exchange (KRX) – Busan – South Korea |
IX – Intercontinental Exchange (ICE Europe) – London – UK | XX – China Beijing International Mining Exchange (CBMX) |
X – Tokio Commodity Exchange (TOCOM) – Tóquio – Japão | XXI – Global IORE |
XI – Tokio Grain Exchange (TGE) – Tóquio – Japan | XXII – London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) |
Appendix III |
Internationally Recognized Research Institutes |
I – PLATTS |
II – ARGUS |
III – CMA |
IV – ESALQ |
V – TSI |
VI – THE METAL BULLETIN |
VII – CRU MONITOR |
III) Interests
Another important change presented by this new Normative Instruction concerns to interests. Even if the agreement (e.g. loan) is registered in the Central Bank of Brazil, these transactions will be liable to comply with transfer pricing rules. Under this new guidance, interests contracted between related parties will be deductible up to the amount that does not exceed LIBOR, under the criteria of a six-month US Dollars deposit, plus a spread rate of 3%. This spread percentage could be reduced by the Ministry of Finance or reinstated as well.
As per the NI, agreements that should observe these rules are not only those signed on or after January 1st, 2013, but all of those with undergoing payments even if signed before the publication of the Normative Instruction. The NI has not considered the recently enacted changes to the TP rules applicable to interest (Law n° 12.766/12); NI reproduced the terms of Law 12.715/12 as above described.
IV) Back to back transactions
As per the new rules, transfer pricing calculation must be considered in commercial or financial transactions carried out between related parties, even if based in different tax jurisdictions, or when one party is resident or domiciled in a country with favorable taxation or benefited from favorable tax regime (even if not related), regardless that product effectively entering or leaving the Brazilian territory.
In this context, in a back to back transaction it should be assessed two prices to be compared: one for the purchase and another for the sale transaction, observing the legal restrictions on the use of each method of calculation.
V) Administrative procedures
Taxpayers must annually elect the method to be used for the tested products/services and changes to the method adopted will be accepted only before the start of the audit procedure. However, if the authority denies the adopted method, the company will have 30 days to present a new calculation under any other method.
VI) Exports: safe harbor
The threshold rule which waived the need to prepare transfer pricing documentation on exports and use one of the existing methods, as previously defined in the Normative Instruction n° 243/02, was restricted with an increase on the minimum profitability required on exports. Legal entities that were within the 5% waiver of pretax income must now meet at least a 10% profitability on exports, considering the average of current year and the preceding two years.
Additionally, the waiver will be applicable only in those cases where the net income with related parties does not exceed 20% of the total net revenue with exports.
It is worth mentioning that the safe harbor do not apply to transactions involving commodities subject to trading on commodity and options market.
VII) The effect of the new rules
The changes introduced by Law 12.715/12 and regulated by NI 1.312/12 will be effective as of January 1, 2013. Taxpayers may choose to adopt its provisions for 2012, and such option must be formalized in the 2012 Income Tax Return. In such case, the taxpayer must consider all changes applicable to its case.
It is important that your organization assess the potential impacts of the aforesaid changes in your transactions with related parties and Low tax jurisdictions in order to anticipate any actions or disclosures arising thereof.
Count on our team to support your company with this matter.